Islam (Sunni majority)

Islam

Begin with Islam's own claims about Allah, the Qur'an, Muhammad, and the denial of shirk, then compare those claims with the apostolic witness to Christ.

State Islam's claims from Islamic sources

Sunni Islam confesses Allah's absolute oneness, Muhammad as Allah's messenger, and the Qur'an as revelation. Fair answers should quote the Qur'an and major hadith or tafsir sources before critique.

Keep the cross and identity of Jesus central

The deepest disagreement is not first cultural or political. It concerns whether Jesus was crucified and raised, and whether the New Testament's worship of Jesus belongs inside biblical monotheism.

Distinguish claims carefully

Tahrif arguments can mean textual alteration or misreading; Qur'an 4:157 can be read with later substitution tafsir or other minority readings; and i'jaz arguments should not be treated as the same kind of public historical test as the resurrection.

Key questions

Does the Qur'an's denial that Jesus was crucified cohere with the earliest and broadest historical evidence?
Does biblical Christology violate monotheism, or does it identify Jesus within the one God's own identity?
Has the biblical gospel been textually lost, or does the manuscript record preserve the apostolic message?
Do claimed biblical predictions of Muhammad survive careful reading in context?

Related references

The Crucifixion of Jesus
A source-first argument that Jesus' death by crucifixion is central to the earliest Christian message and strongly supported by ancient witnesses.
The Deity of Christ
A biblical and historical case that the New Testament identifies Jesus within the divine identity rather than as a mere creature or prophet.
The Reliability of the Bible
A measured answer that biblical reliability rests on textual transmission, public testimony, and the coherence of the canonical witness.
The Trinity Is Monotheism
A concise case that the Christian doctrine of the Trinity confesses one God, not three gods.
The Bible Is Corrupted
A careful answer to tahrif objections against the Bible and the New Testament text.
Jesus Never Claimed Deity
An answer to the Islamic claim that Jesus was only a prophet and that divine Christology was imposed later.
Jesus Was Not Crucified
A source-first answer to the Qur'anic denial that Jesus was killed or crucified.
Muhammad Was Foretold in the Bible
A contextual answer to common Muslim appeals to Deuteronomy 18, the Paraclete, and other biblical prooftexts.
The Qur'an Is Inimitable
A measured answer to i'jaz arguments that the Qur'an's literary quality proves Islam.
The Trinity Is Shirk
A Christian answer to the Islamic charge that the Trinity compromises the oneness of Allah.

Sources

Official source

The Qur'an

Quran.com presentation of the Qur'an with English translation support, used for mainstream Islamic source anchors.

The Qur'an, Quran.com, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Primary source

Sahih al-Bukhari

A major Sunni hadith collection presented by Sunnah.com.

Sahih al-Bukhari, Sunnah.com, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Primary source

Sahih Muslim

A major Sunni hadith collection presented by Sunnah.com.

Sahih Muslim, Sunnah.com, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Reference

Tafsir Ibn Kathir

Classical Sunni tafsir used to represent traditional interpretation of Qur'anic passages.

Ibn Kathir, Tafsir on Qur'an 4:157, Quran.com, accessed June 16, 2026.

Open source

Secondary context

No God but One

Christian apologetics treatment of Islam and Christianity by a former Muslim.

Nabeel Qureshi, No God but One: Allah or Jesus?, Zondervan, 2016.

Secondary context

Jesus and the God of Israel

Scholarly work on early divine-identity Christology and Jewish monotheism.

Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel: God Crucified and Other Studies on the New Testament's Christology of Divine Identity, Eerdmans, 2008.

Secondary context

Lord Jesus Christ

Scholarly work on devotion to Jesus in earliest Christianity.

Larry W. Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, Eerdmans, 2003.