Reference
Tanakh
Sefaria's Hebrew Bible library, used as a Jewish reference source for Hebrew Bible passages.
Tanakh, Sefaria, accessed June 16, 2026.
Open sourceObjection
The Trinity and Incarnation Violate Monotheism
The Trinity and incarnation violate the Hebrew Bible's strict monotheism.
Christian doctrine does not confess three gods. It argues that the New Testament identifies Jesus within the one God's identity while preserving the distinction between the Father and the Son.
Keep monotheism nonnegotiable
Christianity stands or falls with the confession of one God. The question is whether the New Testament's treatment of Jesus belongs within that monotheism or violates it.
Use identity, not addition
The Christian answer is not that another god was added beside the LORD. It is that Jesus shares divine works, honor, rule, and identity in ways the apostles connect to Israel's Scriptures.
Sources
Reference
The Jewish Study Bible
Jewish scholarly reference work on the Hebrew Bible.
Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, eds., The Jewish Study Bible, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2014.
Secondary context
Jesus and the God of Israel
Scholarly work on early divine-identity Christology and Jewish monotheism.
Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the God of Israel: God Crucified and Other Studies on the New Testament's Christology of Divine Identity, Eerdmans, 2008.
Secondary context
Lord Jesus Christ
Scholarly work on devotion to Jesus in earliest Christianity.
Larry W. Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, Eerdmans, 2003.
Secondary context
Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus
Christian response series engaging Jewish objections to Jesus.
Michael L. Brown, Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus, Baker Books, 2000-2007.